This paper investigates the optimization of the Vehicle Routing Problem for Security Dispatch (VRPSD). VRPSD focuses on security and patrolling applications which involve challenging constraints including precise timing and strict time windows. We propose three algorithms based on different metaheuristics, which are Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS), Tabu Search (TS), and Threshold Accepting (TA). The first algorithm combines single-phase ALNS with TA, the second employs a multiphase ALNS with TA, and the third integrates multiphase ALNS, TS, and TA. Experiments are conducted on an instance comprising 251 customer requests. The results demonstrate that the third algorithm, the hybrid multiphase ALNS-TS-TA algorithm, delivers the best performance. This approach simultaneously leverages the large-area search capabilities of ALNS for exploration and effectively escapes local optima when the multiphase ALNS is coupled with TS and TA. Furthermore, in our experiments, the hybrid multiphase ALNS-TS-TA algorithm is the only one that shows potential for improving results with increased computation time across all attempts.

Traffic accidents pose a severe global public health issue, leading to 1.19 million fatalities annually, with the greatest impact on individuals aged 5 to 29 years old. This paper addresses the critical need for advanced predictive methods in road safety by conducting a comprehensive review of recent advancements in applying machine learning (ML) techniques to traffic accident analysis and prediction. It examines 191 studies from the last five years, focusing on predicting accident risk, frequency, severity, duration, as well as general statistical analysis of accident data. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide such a comprehensive review, covering the state-of-the-art across a wide range of domains related to accident analysis and prediction. The review highlights the effectiveness of integrating diverse data sources and advanced ML techniques to improve prediction accuracy and handle the complexities of traffic data. By mapping the current landscape and identifying gaps in the literature, this study aims to guide future research towards significantly reducing traffic-related deaths and injuries by 2030, aligning with the World Health Organization (WHO) targets.

ABSTRACT Considering data insufficiency in metal additive manufacturing (AM), transfer learning (TL) has been adopted to extract knowledge from source domains (e.g., completed printings) to improve the modeling performance in target domains (e.g., new printings). Current applications use all accessible source data directly in TL with no regard to the similarity between source and target data. This paper proposes a systematic method to find appropriate subsets of source data based on similarities between the source and target datasets for a given set of limited target domain data. Such similarity is characterized by the spatial and model distance metrics. A Pareto frontier-based source data selection method is developed, where the source data located on the Pareto frontier defined by two similarity distance metrics are selected iteratively. The method is integrated into an instance-based TL method (decision tree regression model) and a model-based TL method (fine-tuned artificial neural network). Both models are then tested on several regression tasks in metal AM. Comparison results demonstrate that 1) the source data selection method is general and supports integration with various TL methods and distance metrics, 2) compared with using all source data, the proposed method can find a small subset of source data from the same domain with better TL performance in metal AM regression tasks involving different processes and machines, and 3) when multiple source domains exist, the source data selection method could find the subset from one source domain to obtain comparable or better TL performance than the model constructed using data from all source domains. Keywords: metal additive manufacturing, transfer learning, source data selection, Pareto frontier 1 Introduction Metal additive manufacturing (AM) fabricates parts by depositing metal materials layer by layer with various heat sources, e.g., the laser beam and electric arc. Although metal AM has been adopted in electronics (Pang et al. 2020), automotive (Vasco 2021), aerospace (Blakey-Milner et al. 2021), and other industries, low productivity and unstable quality are two drawbacks that restrict the applications of metal AM. To alleviate the two drawbacks, constructing data-driven models to reveal correlations among processes, structures, and properties has attracted attention in both industry and academia. These models are built based on collected data from experiments or simulations and adopted for process optimization, control, or monitoring to improve the quality of printed parts.

Transfer learning (TL) based additive manufacturing (AM) modeling is an emerging field to reuse the data from historical products and mitigate the data insufficiency in modeling new products. Although some trials have been conducted recently, the inherent challenges of applying TL in AM modeling are seldom discussed, e.g., which source domain to use, how much target data is needed, and whether to apply data preprocessing techniques. This paper aims to answer those questions through a case study defined based on an open-source dataset about metal AM products. In the case study, five TL methods are integrated with decision tree regression (DTR) and artificial neural network (ANN) to construct six TL-based models, whose performances are then compared with the baseline DTR and ANN in a proposed validation framework. The comparisons are used to quantify the performance of applied TL methods and are discussed from the perspective of similarity, training data size, and data preprocessing. Finally, the source AM domain with larger qualitative similarity and a certain range of target-to-source training data size ratio are recommended. Besides, the data preprocessing should be performed carefully to balance the modeling performance and the performance improvement due to TL.

Police in Vancouver, British Columbia are cracking down on burglary with a machine learning solution that uses an algorithm to deconstruct crime patterns. Through spatial analytics, police are able to predict where residential break-and-enters will occur and place police patrols accordingly. The department first tried this technology with a pilot test that reduced burglary by more than 20% month over month. Now they are making the approach common practice. "Every 28 days, our management reviews crime trends, crime clustering, and crime issues across the city," said Ryan Prox, Special Constable in Charge of Crime Analytics Advisory and Development Unit, Vancouver Police.

Summary: IBM's Watson QAM (Question Answering Machine), famous for its 2011 Jeopardy win was supposed to bring huge payoffs in healthcare. Instead both IBM and its Watson Healthcare customers are rapidly paring back these projects that have largely failed to pay off. Watson was the first big out-of-the-box commercial application in ML/AI. I'm sure I'm leaving out many other notable firsts that IBM has scored but since it's Watson we want to talk about, we'll stop there. The remarkable thing about Watson is that in 2011 the other skills that we think of as AI, image and video processing, facial recognition, text and speech processing, game play beyond chess, autonomous vehicles, all these were so primitive they were not yet close to commercial acceptance and wouldn't be for several more years.

Summary: Watson is a remarkably flexible and complete AI development platform. To understand how you might build new services for your current employer or imagine your own Watson-based startup, look at these 30 companies that are leading the way. In our recent reviews of historical Watson and the modern Watson of today we concluded that IBM's Watson Group may have the first or at least the current strongest comprehensive AI platform. This is the first time that we know of that all three elements of AI have been brought together in a single user friendly platform: image processing, text and speech processing, and knowledge retrieval. This is not so much a platform for data scientist to use to expand the capabilities of AI as it is a platform for business users (with the aid of data scientists) to exploit the capabilities of modern AI by building new products and services.

Summary: Whether you are a startup person or data science-minded executive in a larger organization what logic can you apply to spot the most compelling opportunities for AI in your organization. In 2014 Kevin Kelly, founder of Wired magazine and prolific futurist famously said, "The business plans of the next 10,000 startups are easy to forecast: Take X and add AI." Kevin you were clearly right. The Silicon Valley and every other tech startup haven are awash in companies trying to fulfill his vision. However, whether you are a startup person or data science-minded executive in a larger organization that's not enough information to spot compelling opportunities. What are the rules or guidelines you can apply to identify these transformative applications?

Summary: Whether you are a startup person or data science-minded executive in a larger organization what logic can you apply to spot the most compelling opportunities for AI in your organization. In 2014 Kevin Kelly, founder of Wired magazine and prolific futurist famously said, "The business plans of the next 10,000 startups are easy to forecast: Take X and add AI." Kevin you were clearly right. The Silicon Valley and every other tech startup haven are awash in companies trying to fulfill his vision. However, whether you are a startup person or data science-minded executive in a larger organization that's not enough information to spot compelling opportunities. What are the rules or guidelines you can apply to identify these transformative applications?

When citizens want to know when to put out recycling or alternate-side parking information, they often turn to their city's 311 information systems for help, making a phone call or searching the web for answers. For more complicated questions, many cities unfortunately still rely on systems that are antiquated and pieced together. But recently, the city of Surrey, British Columbia, made their 311 services a whole lot easier when they turned to artificial intelligence solutions. Launched in 2015, the mobile app helps citizens access information that was traditionally dispensed by a call center or websites. With their My Surrey app (nicknamed "Siri for Cities")– a mobile, cognitive computing application powered by IBM Watson -- the city can quickly answer citizens' frequently asked questions and reduce the cost of providing that service.